Impact Of Barriers To Entry On Market Strategy

Impact Of Barriers To Entry On Market StrategyPurpose The heading of this paper is to review preceding(prenominal) research and to propose a model for the affect of barriers to penetration on the merchandise outline of an crank self-coloured, where crossroad/ commercialise place oscillo range of mountains and growth disparateiation argon central outline components. The paper asks, what is the impact of barriers on grocery store strategies of entrants? Are early and modern entrants affected in contrary slipway?Design/methodology/approach A model and propositions ar demonstrable-based on a review of previous research. The model applies the contingency status and company lawsuits exemplify the model.Findings It is proposed that a firm that enters a trade modern and faces ample barriers would choose a broader convergence/ foodstuff scope and note its products to a larger extent than an early entrant. It is also proposed that incumbents market strategies val idatingly affect the market dodging of an entrant firm as incumbents market strategies interact with barriers, and the do ar due to admittance quantify.Research limitations/implications The study contributes divinatoryly as it ex feeds current friendship of the impact of barriers to entering on strategy. Management of entrant firms ar advised to strive for a fit amidst barriers and market strategy and consider the propositions.Originality/value The model and the propositions concern barrier terminations on dickens key components of the nmrket strategy of an entrant firm product/market scope and product distinction. An an opposite(prenominal) important value is that the model accounts for interactions between incumbent strategies and harriers to entry, and effects on the market strategy of an entrant firm.Keywords Market entry, Marketing strategy, CompetitorsPaper type lit reviewIntroductionBarriers to entry pay been a touristed field of research since the seminal wo rk of Bain (1956). Barriers argon obstacles preventing entrant firms from being takeed in a particular market (Porter, 1980). However, despite the practical and theoretical importance of the matter, we unperturbed have only throttle understanding of the impact of barriers on the market strategy of an entrant firm.A deeper empirical exploration of the egress calls for a reli fitted model that clarifies expected relationships. An empirical example is the comprehensive work that takes place within the European Union in order to give unified rules for international competition and reduce the impact of barriers originating from government regulations.Industries much(prenominal) as telecommunications are subject to these unification processes (Pehrsson, 2001). A general aim is to pull ahead the presidential term of both domestic competitions and competitors stemming from other countries (Karlsson, 1998). But what is the expected impact of barriers on market strategies of entran ts? Are early and slow entrants affected in different ways?In theoretical terms, we need further noesis of a relation between conditions external to the firm and the firm strategy, and, therefore, application of the contingency opinion (Hambrick, 1983 Peteraf and Reed, 2007) is appropriate. The central view is that a fit between external conditions and firm strategy provides a basis for competitive advantage and high performance ( miller, 1996). fit to the review by Peteraf and Reed (2007), an earlier central criticism of contingency theory was that contingency research was reductionist (Meyer et aL, 1993), and empirical models did not account for the impact of interactions among central elements. However, recent studies on internal alignment focus on interaction effects among firm attributes and impact on firm performance (Kauffman, 1993 Levinthal, 1997). Yet, we still have very limited knowledge of interactions among external conditions and the impact on firm strategy.This pape r applies the contingency perspective and focuses on the impact of barriers to entry on the market strategy of early and juvenile entrants. The purpose is to review previous research and to propose a model for the impact of barriers on strategy where product/market scope and product differentiation are central strategy components. The resulting model addresses external firm conditions and proposes direct effects of exogenous and endogenous barriers and indirect effects of incumbents market strategies. These constitute the frame for barriers that originate from incumbents behavior, and incumbent strategies assumingly interact with barriers to entry.Although, for example, the performance impact of barriers to entry has been widely investigated (Marsh, 1998), only a few studies have focused on the impact on the market strategy of entrant firms. Robinson and McI)ougall (2001) studied entrants and prepare that the negative performance effects of three barriers ( exfoliation effects, ca pital need, and product differentiation) were particularly important when the product/market scope was narrow. Further, Pehrsson (2001) observed that deregulating in the telecommunications industry caused adjustments of the product/market scope of market entrants. Finally, Han et a. (2001) and Salavou et at. (2004) found that a need for capital stimu modernd the mnovativeness and product differentiation of entrants.We therefore need to continue to study the impact of barriers on the product/market scope and product differentiation of market entrants. More precisely, there is a lack of knowledge of direct and indirect barrier effects on entrants product/market scope and product differentiation. The fact that competitors may constitute a primary source of barriers has largely been neglected, and incumbents market strategies most probably indirectly affect the strategy of an entrant firm. Competitors are crucial here as they demonstrate certain market strategies and thereby create node loyalties and other barriers (Porter, 1980). Also, the literature indicates that the effects are due to entry time Karakaya and Stahl, 1989), and the effects on the strategy of an early entrant may not be the same as those for a late entrant.The paper is organized in this way In Section 2, I review previous research on barriers to entry and the strategy impact of barriers in Section 3, I present the model and propositions about relationships in the model Section 4 presents illustrative company cases conclusions and implications follow in Section 5.Literature reviewThis section of the paper first presents important exogenous and endogenous barriers to entry that have been observed by scholars. The section then reviews previous studies on the impact of barriers on product/market scope and product differentiation, and the impact on entry timing.Important barriers to entryA barrier to entry stinker be categorized as either exogenous or endogenous (Shepherd, 1979). Exogenous barri ers are those that are embedded in the underlying market conditions and, in principle, firms are not adequate to(p) to control exogenous barriers. On the contrary, endogenous barriers are created by the established firms through their market strategies and their competitive behavior and are gum olibanum based on incumbents reactions to overbold entrants efforts to become established. However, Gable ci a. (1995) observed that frequently the barrier types are mutually reinforcing, and they may be difficult to interpret.Table I lists important barriers to entry that have been observed in the literature, with studies cited by author and publication date.As regards the exogenous barriers, incumbents cost advantages are considered important by several authors (Gable et al., 1995 Han et al., 2001). This barrier means that incumbents may possess absolute or variable cost advantages, forcing the entrant firm to achieve scale effects and low costs. Incumbents product differentiation (Pehrs son, 2004 Schlegelmilch and Ambos, 2004) is another important barrier as it creates loyalties and relations among buyers and established sellers, and accompanying obstacles for the entrant trying to access customers Gohansson and Elg, 2002).Furthermore, the extensive need for capital in order to be firmly established in a market is an important exogeneous barrier emphasized by many an(prenominal) authors (flarrigan, 1981 Siegfried and Evans, 1994), and the importance is also valid for customers switching costs (Gruca and Sudharshan, 1995 Karakaya and Stahl, 1989). This barrier is due to the costs that any potential customer faces trying to switch from one provider to another. For example, costs may be allocated to employee retraining or changes in product design.Available distribution channels might not be anticipated by the entrant firm, or they may be controlled by competitors, creating customer access obstacles (Han el al., 2001 Pehrsson, 2004). Other barriers may include incumb ents brand loyalty QEndogenous barriers are created by the competitive behavior of incumbent firms in accordance with their market strategies. Important endogenous barriers may originate from excess capacity. This is generally accompanied by increased advertising or promotional activity (Demsetz, 1982 Gable el aL, 1995) or pre-emptive pricing resulting in scathe competition (Guiltinnan and Gundlach, 1996 Simon, 2005).T A B L EIt is thus appropriate to view endogenous barriers as established firms reaction to new entrants (Karakaya and Stahl, 1989 Yip, 1982). In fact, incumbents may deter the entry of new comers simply by creating expectations of fear for the incumbents post-entry reaction (Karakaya and Stahl, 1989).However, Gable et a. (1995) found that exogenous and endogenous barriers are mutually reinforcing. They studied entry barriers in sell and found that incumbents frequently increased advertising and sales promotion when reacting to market entrants. These measures enhance d the degree of product and service differentiation attributed to the incumbent, while the measures also provided a method for an existing retailer to increase the costs of entry to a potential competitor. The observed endogenous barriers of increased advertising and sales promotion thus reinforce the exogenous barriers of capital need and product differentiation.Further, a number of studies (Karakaya, 2002 Karakaya and Kerin, 2007 Karakaya and Stahl, 1989 Siegfried and Evans, 1994) have explored the comparative importance of individual barriers. Karakaya (2002) examined the importance of 25 potential barriers to entry in industrial markets. The majority of the executives in the survey considered the most important barriers to be incumbents cost advantages and the need for capital to enter markets.The impact of barriers on strategyResearchers have studied the impact of barriers to entry on two strategy components, namely product/market scope (Bonardi, 1999 Delmas and Tokat, 2005 Ha veman, 1993 Pehrsson, 2001, 2007 Robinson and McDougall, 2001), and product differentiation (Delmas ci at, 2007 Russo, 2001 Schlegelmilch and Ambos, 2004) including innovativeness (Han ci at, 2001 Salavou ci at, 2004). Table TI summarizes key findings of the studies of strategies of market entrants and incumbents.As regards product/market scope, Pehrsson (2007) studied perceptions of expansion barriers in 191 subsidiaries of incumbent Swedish manufacturing firms in Germany, the unify States and the UK. I-Ic found that the impact of balTiers was due to the fullness of the product/market scope of the firms. Hence, obstacles to access customers affect performance in a negative way if the firm has a narrow product/market scope. One reason why the obstacles are not significant if the scope is broad may be that different customer types and delivered products in this context are associated with more degrees of freedom in choosing customers. Problems in accessing a certain customer type m ay thus be balanced against limited problems regarding other types.Robinson and McDougall (2001) established a similar pattern. They studied the moderating effect of product/market breadth on the relationship between entry barriers and performance of 115 new ventures. Three barriers were closely studiedeconomies of scale, capital need, and product differentiation, It was found that the negative effect of capital need on return Ofl sales was smaller for ventures pursuing a broad scope. Further, the negative effects of all barriers were smaller for broad-scope ventures as regards shareholder wealth.Government policy changes manifested by, for example, deregulation or other institutional changes stimulate adjustments of the product/market scope of incumbents (Bonardi, 1999 Delmas and Tokat, 2005 Haveman, 1993 Pehrsson, 2001). Haveman (1993) showed that many firms in the savings and loans industry had expanded into new areas as a result of deregulation. Further, Pehrsson (2001) found th at choices of customers made by both incumbents and entrant firms followed deregulations in the British and Swedish telecommunications industries.As regards the product differentiation component of market strategy, Han el al. (2001) and Salavou et al. (2004) found that market entrants innovativeness reduced the impact of capital need. A finns innovativeness reflects its way of pursuing product differentiation relative to competitors (Kustin, 2004).The literature also addresses changes in barriers to entry due to deregulation and their effects on rncuinbents differentiation Dehnas el aL, 2007 Russo, 2001 Schlegelmilch and Ambos, 2004). Delmas et a. (2007) observed a variety of differentiation efforts in response to deregulation in the US electric utility industry, while Schlegelmilch and Ambos (2004) studied strategic options in such industries. In particular, Russo (2001) found that technology differentiation was a common effect of deregulation in the utility industry. Delmas et a. (2007) advocate that, in fact, differentiation is common in industries that is subject to deregulation.The impact of barriers on entry timingMakadok (998) and Pehrsson (2004) stress that the entry timing advantages of first- and early-movers seem to be resistant to erosion by the entry of additional competitors in a market. Once a new competitor has entered the market, it is difficult to match the performance of the incumbents due to extensive customer loyalties established previously. For the entrant firm this creates severe obstacles to customer access.Karakaya and Stahl (1989) studied the effects of barriers on the timing of market entry of 49 firms delivering industrial goods and consumer goods. The researchers particularly found that switching costs of potential customers is perceived as more important for late entry than early entry in both industrial goods and consumer goods markets.This finding supports the notion that late market entrants will face extensive obstacles to a ccess customers due to previous loyalties between sellers and buyers.A model of the impact of entry barriers on strategyThe model presented in this section proposes relationships between barriers to entry, incumbents market strategies and the market strategy of an entrant firm (Figure 1). The model applies the contingency perspective Hambrick, 1983 Peteraf and Reed, 2007) and proposes that an entrant firms market strategy is contingent on the external conditions of barriers to entry (P12 in Figure 1). It is also put on that competitors constitute a main source of barriers therefore, the model proposes indirect effects and interactions between incumbents market strategies and barriers (P3). Further, entry timing is important the propositions suggest that strategies of early and late entrants differ.This section first defines the key concepts of the model and continues with motivations and presentations of the propositions.The concepts in the modelThe term barriers to entry stems fro m industrial organization literature and refers to obstacles that firms have to face when they try to establish themselves in a market (Porter, 1.980). Advantages of incumbent firms established earlier correspond to the extent to which the incumbents can raise their prices above a theoretical equilibrium without attracting other firms to enter the market (Bain, 1956). Barriers are exogenous or endogenous and are mutually reinforcing (see the literature review above).Entrant firms and incumbents demonstrate certain market strategies. Miller (1987) found that the dominant content components of strategy were product/market scope, product innovation, differentiation, and cost control. Product/market scope corresponds to the breadth of business activities and is manifested by the breadth of the range of product types and customer types. As product innovation is a way of differentiating the product in relation to competing products, I include innovation in product differentiation (Kustin, 2004). Further, as cost control is an ingredient of price, and customers are generally more concerned with prices than firm costs, prices are frequently subject to differentiation (Porter, 1980). rrherefore product differentiation in the model also includes pricing.However, product differentiation does not only refer to the physical product core. Usunier (1993) suggests that services linked to products such as after-sales services are central to differentiation, and Pehrsson (2006) further emphasizes flexibility attributes. Th attributes combine with other attributes in order to meet individual customer needs, and include, for example, solutions to customer problems and distribution features.Differentiating products in relation to products of competitors may thus give the firm competitive advantages. In essence, Porter (1980) convincingly argues that differentiation is a way of creating layers of breakup against competitive warfare and increases the odds of achieving high financia l performance.Direct effects of barriers to entryPehrsson (2007) and Robinson and McI)ougall (2001) found that the effects of barriers were less severe if the product/market scope of a market entrant was broad. Based on the findings, the researchers argue that product/market breadth of market entrants generally moderates the relationship between entry barriers and performance.Theoretically, a market entrant that has to face extensive barriers to entry would prefer a broad product/market scope. In that way, the entrant may be able to exploit the degrees of freedom that accompany the broad scope, and balance obstacles in accessing a certain customer type against obstacles relating to other types.However, research has shown that late market entrants tend to be exposed to more comprehensive barriers than early entrants (Makadok, 1998 Pehrsson, 2004). In particular, customer loyalties and customers switching costs (Karakaya and Stahl, 1989) constitute key competitive advantages of early entrants. A late market entrant would, therefore, theoretically have to face more severe obstacles in trying to access customers than would an early entrantP1. A firm that enters a market late and has to face extensive barriers will chxse a broader product/market scope than an early entrant.In accordance with the results of Han el at (2001) and Salavou el at. (2004), market entrants frequently use product innovations to overcome market entry barriers. As innovativeness manifests product differentiation, it is logical to propose that a market entrant may use product differentiation in order to respond to barriers, and that comprehensive differentiation efforts follow extensive barriers. As a late entrant is theoretically exposed to more extensive barriers than an early entrant, this leads to the second propositionP2. A firm that enters a market late and has to face extensive barriers will differentiate its products to a larger extent than an early entrant.Indirect effects of barriers to entryP1 and P2 do not pay attention to indirect effects, crucial interactions among barriers to entry and other important conditions external to the entrant firm. However, we can expect that barriers interact with incumbents market strategies. This expectation relies on the necessity of observing competitors as they pursue certain market strategies, and are able to create customer loyalties and other barriers (Porter, 1980). If we pay attention to incumbents, a strategy that promotes the development of brand loyalty, for example, focuses on a factor that create barriers (Krouse, 1984).Further, entry timing advantages of first- and early-movers (Makadok, 1998 Pehrsson, 2004) generally stem from the firms opportunities to penetrate potential customers, start to differentiate products, and develop customer relationships. If successful, the customer relationships and accompanying loyalties become effective barriers to competition. Theoretic-ally, late entrants therefore have difficu lty matching the performance of the early entrants. We may therefore propose that the interaction affects early and late entrants in different waysP3. Incumbents market strategies indirectly affect the market strategy of an entrant firm as incumbents market strategies interact with barriers to entry. The effects are different for early and late entrants.Illustrative casesDeregulation and unification of rules pertaining to firms operating telecommunications networks caused operators to reconsider their market strategies in Europe (Pehrsson, 2001). Unlike many other European countries, Sweden has never legalized a monopoly for the establishment of telecommunications networks or for the offering of services.However, Televerket (the Swedish public telecommunications administration) historically had a monopoly-like hold on many sectors of the market. This organization was converted in 1993 into a company aggroup with a parent fIrm, Telia. As there are no regulations protecting Swedish i nterests or restricting foreign operators from establishing themselves in the country, many firms have entered the market. both firm with a desire to enter the market will have to face the barrier of capital need in terms of the arrangement of infrastructure. For example, Tele2 entered the market early and addressed this need for capital by cooperating with the Swedish State Rail Administration. The background for Kinneviks establishment of Tele2 is that Kinnevik had gained experience from mobile phone in the regular army (NetCom Systems, 1994). Parallel with these activities, preparations began within traditional telecommunications for voice and information in the 1980s. A gateway for data traffic was opened in 1986, and in 1989 an agreement was cogitate with the Swedish State Rail Administration for joint investments in a fiber optic network. Tele2 was formed in 1987 with the intention to offer stationary telephony primarily to households based on low prices. When the deregula tion of the telecommunications market accelerated in 1993, Tele2 was able to act fast and reached second place after the incumbent, Telia.I)otcom l)ata Telecommunications entered the Swedish market late and had to face the extensive barriers caused by the dominance of the incumbent and early entrants. By the end of the 1990s, Dotcom was the only operator in the Swedish market with telecommunications operations that were not part of the original corporate core business Dotcom Data Telecommunications, 1995). The product/market scope was dominated by local data networks and included also stationary telephony, leased lines,office exchanges, extensive communications systems, support systems and so on. Middle-sized companies, large companies, and public administrations were the main target groups.In sum, the case of Dotcom Data Telecommunications illustrates P1. The firm was exposed to extensive barriers due to the firms late market entry and chose a broad product/market scope. In that way, the firm was able to exploit the degrees of freedom that accompanied the broad scope, and balance obstacles in accessing a certain customer type against obstacles regarding other types.Further, Dotcom Data Telecommunications tried to avoid price competition and, instead, strived for long-term customer relationships. As there were six phases of the delivery chain (analysis of needs, systems design, installation, education, service, and financing) there were many options to conduct product differentiation. A comparison with the limited low-price differentiation of Tele2 illustrates P2. However, in accordance with P3, both entrants had to face the barriers caused by the incumbents cTelias) strategy of keeping its market dominance and loyal customers.Conclusions and implicationsDespite the limitation that there may be more important external conditions beyond incumbents market strategies that interact with barriers to entry, we are now able to conclude the a firm that enters a ma rket late and has to face extensive barriers probably would chxse a broader product/market scope and differentiate its products to a larger extent than an earlier entrant. Also, it is proposed that incumbents market strategies indirectly affect the market strategy of an entrant firm as incumbents market strategies interact with barriers, where the effects are due to entry timing. In sum, the model extends our knowledge as it accounts for the direct impact of barriers to entry on product/market scope and product differentiation, and specifies central conditions external to the entrant firm. Also, the model accounts for entry timing effects.In accordance with the contingency perspective management of entrant firms would be advised to strive for a fit between barriers to entry and market strategy and thereby bear in mind the proposals put forward in this paper. Of importance are not only direct effects of barriers on product/market scope and product differentiation, but also the way in cumbent strategies interact with balTiers. It would also be advisable for each firm to evaluate the relative importance of barriers and acknowledge that a late entry is generally accompanied by more extensive barriers than an early entry. Further, as exogenous barriers and endogenous barriers are often mutually reinforcing, attention needs to be paid to combined effects.Further empirical research should be conducted in terms of applying the model developed in this paper. A suggestion for future research is to explore how management perceives barriers to entry, and how this perception contributes to the emergence and sustainability of competitive advantage. Also, it would be interesting to explore managerial knowledge of barriers in early and late phases of market entry.

Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression: Evaluation

Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression EvaluationCan electroconvulsive therapy make a meaningful contribution in the interposition of Severe depressive distemper? The work of mental health nurses.ContentsAbstractIntroductionMethodology of the reviewCritical Review of the booksThe target of electroconvulsive therapy in the therapeutic armamentariumThe place of electroconvulsive therapy in turn back preventionMechanism of actionPreference of identify of stimulantSide effects of handlingDiscussionConclusions appendixReferencesAbstractThis thesis seeks to explore the state lower-ranking for electroconvulsive therapy. It does so by con locationring the historical background to the procedure and its evolution to the present. It considers the professional and legislative guidelines which g everyplacen its give and contrasts the regulations in the UK with those in other(a) cultures, notably the USA.In order to assist the exploration, the belles-lettres review is subdivi ded into 5 sections, each exploring a different area of interest. Electroconvulsive therapy is placed within a therapeutic spectrum of treatment for patients with major depressive illness and psychosis and is compared with other modalities of treatment. Its use in both acute treatment and its role in disease prevention and relapse is discussed.Current hypotheses of its possible mode of action are explored, and conclusions drawn about the strength of the evidence base in this area. in that respect appears to be considerable parole about the site of optimal stimulation for electroconvulsive therapy. This area is discussed in depth with a critical analysis of the studies which inform the evidence base in this area.The literary works review concludes with an examination of the various side effects of the treatment. in that respect is an element of discussion of the evidence and conclusions are drawn from the evidence extrapolated and presented.The whole dissertation is richly refe renced.IntroductionElectroconvulsive therapy was introduced into clinical practice in the late 1930sand rapidly gained a place in the standard treatment of major depressive illness.It was originated by the Hungarian, Dr Meduna, who mistakenly believed that schizophrenia and epilepsy were mutually exclusive conditions. He argued that epilepsy was never seen in schitzophrenic patients and because artificially inducing fits (epilepsy) in patients would cure schizophrenia. (Mowbray R M 1959). The effects on schitzophrenia were soon recognised to be minor and the most marked effect appeared to be in the patients with major depressive illness.The advent of effective classes of antidepressant, antipsychotic and mood stabilising drugs has seen a marked decline in the use of electroconvulsive therapy, but recent figures suggest that it is still used in over 10,000 cases per year in the UK (ECT scan 2003).Currently the main use of electroconvulsive therapy is in major depressive illness alt hough it also is considered still to have a place in the treatment of schizophrenia and few other mood disorders (UK ECT 2003), psychosis (Corrible E et al. 2004), and overt suicidal intent (Kellner C H et al. 2005).The Mental Health Act of 1983 allowed Psychiatrists to give electroconvulsive therapy to inpatients without consent if they were sectioned. This should be contrasted to the situation later the 1959 Mental Health Act, where psychiatrists had no clear guidance and a number of litigation cases forced a change in legislation. (Duffett R et al. 1998)The procedure itself involves anaesthetising the patient with a general anaesthetic and a muscle relaxant and the a slim, brief pulse circulating(prenominal) (typically about 800 milliamperes) is passed between deuce electrodes applied directly to the scalp. This generates a seizure and at that place are a number of demonstrable biochemical changes in the brain after(prenominal) the event. (Nobler M S et al. 2001)Electroconv ulsive therapy is usually given as a course over several weeks. The evidence base for length of time of treatment is not strong and appears to digress considerably between governing. (Lisanby S H 2007)In 2003 NICE investigated the evidence base for electroconvulsive therapy and issued guidelines which suggested that it should sole(prenominal) be used only to fulfil rapid and defraud-run improvement of puckish symptoms after an adequate tally of treatment options has proven ineffective and/or when the condition is considered to be potentially life-threatening in individuals with severe depressive illness, catatonia or a prolonged manic episode. (NICE 2003) wiz of the most extensive recent reviews on electroconvulsive therapy concluded that it had been demonstrated to be effective short term treatment for depressive illness in otherwise healthy adults. Many studies were cited and had shown it to have a greater effect than drug treatment. The authors noted shortcomings in some of the trials cited, especially in areas such as drug resistant depressive illness where electroconvulsive therapy is believed to be particularly helpful. (UK ECT Review Group 2003)One of the major side effects of electroconvulsive therapy is short and long term memory loss cited in many trials and studies (viz Gupta N 2001)Methodology of the reviewCormack suggests that Ultimately all easily look is guided by and founded on a critical review of all of the relevant literature make on the sketch. (Cormack, D. 2000). It is thitherfore important not only to define what is currently believed about a subject, but also to place this in a historical context. This is particularly important in the field of electroconvulsive therapy, as the introduction to this dissertation has suggested, with great fluctuations in both understanding and application of this type of therapy over the old age.One of the prime reasons for conducting a literature review is to gift the current evidence base f or a particular subject. A critical review of the literature mustiness be preceded by a careful literature search. It is often believed that searching the literature is a linear or single episode process. Current thinking suggests that this is seldom an optimal strategy. Bowling advises that a earnest literature review is primarily a cyclical recursive process that mirrors the thinking and research process, where the discovery of in the buff information results in new ideas, new knowledge and possibly new understanding. Once an overview, or initial opinion has been formed, it then becomes possible to revisit the initial reviews from a more than informed eyeshot which, in turn, allows for a more perceptive interpretation of the data. (Bowling A 2002).The methodology used in this particular review was to allow for an initial period of materialisation on the subject matter and to consult a small number of reference books to achieve an overview of the area. (Taylor, E. 2000). Refe rences were noted and some followed up in order to retard the main themes of the review. Once these were established, then methodical searches of a number of databases were carried out utilising the facilities of the local University library, the Post-graduate library (Client to personalise here) and a number of on-line search engines and literary sources including Cochrane, Cinhal, Ovid, BMJ and Lancet archives, Royal College of Psychiatrists archive and various NICE publications. Papers were accessed in both hard back and electronic forms. (Fink A 1998)Search ground include electroconvulsive therapy evidence base evolution history schizophrenia psychosis major depressive illness mental health nurse antidepressant drugs Mental Health Act psychiatrist. These terms were used in various combinations to sift compositions with varying degrees of relevance to the topic under consideration. (Carr LT 1994)Inclusion criteria were papers less than 10 years gray-headed (unless there were s pecific reasons for older paper inclusion). UK sources were preferred to other ones. It should be noted that a substantial proportion of the body of literature on the subject of electroconvulsive therapy is American based. A number of authorities have suggested that this may be because the USA currently uses electroconvulsive therapy more frequently than the UK and therefore has a greater have sex with it. Papers were only considered from peer reviewed sources unless making a historical point. (Bell J 1999). Each paper considered was then ranked according to its evidential value (See Appendix 1) and the richlyest value paper was presented for each point to be make.Critical Review of the literatureThe place of electroconvulsive therapy in the therapeutic armamentariumA good place to bug out this literature review is with the Olfsen paper. (Olfson M et al. 1998). This is an authoritative overview of the place of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment spectrum. It has to be not ed that this paper is already 10 years old and reflects clinical patterns of usage in the USA. The reason that this paper is selected for discussion is primarily on the vast size of its lead cohort, which is 6.5 million patient contacts (249,600 with a diagnosis of depressive illness) col over mainland USA.Critical analysis of the paper suggests that the authors reveal their viewpoint in the first few sentences of the paper and therefore the opinion part of the review must be understood on the basis that the authors consider electroconvulsive therapy a safe and effective treatment for patients with all subtypes of major economic crisis citing the authority of the APA for this statement (APA 1997)The paper suggests that there is a strong evidence base to confirm that electroconvulsive therapy is at least as effective as antidepressant drugs pharmaceuticals for the treatment of major depressive illness. (Weiner R D 2004)The authors make the point that despite this general belief, e lectroconvulsive therapy is not as widely used as it should be due to three major misconceptions that is to say public concern about the precaution of the procedure, reactive regulations and guidelines and the belief that it is not cost-effective. They then set about addressing each of these concernsRather worryingly, the authors cite evidence of safety with the unqualified signalise that None of the depressed patients who received ECT died during the hospitalisation. In contrast, 30 (0.14%) of the depressed patients who did not receive ECT died in the hospital. (Schulz K F et al. 1995)Although this may well be the case, it is entirely possible that patients who were ill with other comorbidities (and therefore at greater risk of death) were not offered electroconvulsive therapy, as it required a general anaesthetic. One cannot jump to the implied conclusion that these figures suggest that electroconvulsive therapy is therefore intrinsically safe. (Mohammed, D et al. 2003)The auth ors draw a number of conclusions, perhaps the most significant of which is that current practice tends to reserve electroconvulsive therapy for the elderly, and those with comorbidities such as schizophrenia, dementia, and general medical (nonpsychiatric) disorders. They also comment that prompt use of electroconvulsive therapy is associated with shorter in patient stays and, by definition, more rapid resolution of the depressive state.Despite these findings, there is a large body of literature documenting the fact that many patients with major depressive illness remain largely refractory to therapeutic intervention. With this in mind one should consider the contribution of the Spanish research pigeonholing under Gonzalez-Pinto who published a trial of a small group of patients (13) who had proved resistant to both venlafaxine and electroconvulsive therapy separately but who responded to both measures when used in a combined fashion. (Gonzalez-Pinto A et al. 2002). This was a non- randomize non-controlled trial and therefore constitutes evidence value at level III. Curiously the reception was not proportional to the dose of venlafaxine used. The authors however, report the rather worrying side effect of cardiac arrest in 3 of the 13 patients immediately after the electroconvulsive therapy.A number of authorities suggest that there is a definite place for electroconvulsive therapy in the soberly depressed patient who is a suicidal risk. The Kellner paper addresses this suggestion directly. (Kellner C H et al. 2005). Suicide remains one of the major associations of major depressive illness and carries a 15% lifetime risk for any patient who has been hospitalised with the same. (Bostwick J M et al. 2000) with symptoms such as profound hopelessness, hypochondriacal ruminations or delusions, and thoughts of suicide or self-harm during depression predict future suicide. (Schneider B et al. 2001).The Kellner instruct was a randomised crossover comparative follow -up trial making it evidence value of level 1b. There are a great many result strands from this training, but if one specifically considers the suicidal elements, then one can state that the study showed that of the 444 patients enrolled in the trial as having major depressive illness, 26% had suicidal ideation at a level of 3 or greater on the Hamilton rating scale (the measuring stick tool used in the trial) and 3% achieving a score of 4 (actual suicidal attempt). This group had a reduction of their scores to 0 in over 80% within the two week course of the electroconvulsive therapy. It was also reported that in the group who scored 4, 100% dropped to 0 by the end of the treatment. Despite there impressive figures for short term remission, one would have to note that the trial did not have any significant long term follow-up and there is no information on the rate of relapse after the initial treatment. (Rosenthal R. 1994). The authors state that they were aware of two successful suicide attempts which occurred whilst the trial was running (but after these patients had completed their treatment. The authors suggest that electroconvulsive therapy should be used early in the treatment regime once a diagnosis of suicidal risk has been made.To provide a balanced argument on the place of electroconvulsive therapy in the spectrum of treatment, one can consider the recent paper by Eranti (Eranti S et al. 2007) who tested out the supposal that has recently been published, that Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy but does not have the same side effect profile that restricts the use of electroconvulsive therapy in some patients. (viz. Gershon A A et al. 2003 and Loo C K et al. 2005)This trial was a randomised, blinded comparative trial with a substantial entre cohort (260 patients) being followed up for 6 months after treatment giving it a level 1b significance. (Clifford C 1997). There were a number of p ossible moment measures studied but, of relevance to our considerations in this dissertation, one can state that the authors found that Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was not as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness both at the end of the treatment period and at the end of the 6 month study. The authors were able to comment however, that the rTMS was virtually dethaw of demonstrable side effects.The place of electroconvulsive therapy in relapse preventionIt is fair to comment that a brief examination of the literature shows virtually no good quality published material on this topic with the studies that have been done comprising individual case reports (viz Kramer B A 1990), naturalistic studies and small studies of retrospective cases (viz. Schwarz T et al. 1995), none of which have any control element and all of which are evidence level IV at best.A notable exception is Keller et al. who made a large UK based study of relapse prevention in major depressive illness with a randomised controlled trial over a seven-spot year period involving over 500 patients. (Kellner C H et al. 2006). The trial is a level 1b evidence level trial and is of a particularly square-shouldered structure with great efforts made to achieve standardisation. (Denscombe, M 2002). The structure is a direct comparison between electroconvulsive therapy and a standard pharmacological regime (lithium carbonate plus nortriptyline hydrochloride). Both were given as a therapeutic course (the medication over a six month period) and the patients were followed up with DSM-IV assessments to set apart their degree of relapseThe analysis is long and complex but, in essence, the study clearly demonstrated that both groups had better results than a placebo control with similar percentages (about 33%) suffering a relapse and about 46% remaining disease free. The trial suffered from having a large group (about 20%) failing to complete the t rial protocol. (Rosenthal R. 1994). This study does however, provide firm evidence that electroconvulsive therapy is at least as effective as pharmacological measures in reducing the likelihood of clinical relapse. except evidence for longer term efficacy comes from the Gagn study (Gagn G G et al. 2000), which starts by acknowledging the fact that depressive illness tends to be a long term harm with long term pharmacological intervention a comparatively normal treatment strategy. The authors make a subtle distinction between continuance therapy (which is showtime a new course of treatment after initial resolution and then relapse) and maintenance therapy which extends beyond the continuation therapy stage and is aimed at preventing relapse.This paper is worthy because, as the authors point out, there is general acceptance by healthcare professionals that long term maintenance therapy with pharmaceuticals is both rational and indicated in patients with a high likelihood of relapse of depressive illness. Treatment with continuation electroconvulsive therapy has failed to gain general acceptance. The authors argue that such an approach is particularly rational, at least in a group of patients who have demonstrated their ability to respond to electroconvulsive therapy in the past, are at high risk of relapse and who may be refractory to pharmacological intervention.The Gagn study is a retrospective case-controlled comparative study comparing the long term course of electroconvulsive therapy plus pharmacological maintenance therapy with long-term antidepressant treatment but in a demographically matched group. The two groups comprised 60 patients. The maintainence electroconvulsive therapy group received the electroconvulsive therapy as a single treatment monthly after the normal intensive treatment course for the acute episode. It has to be noted that this regime is comparatively arbitrary as there appears to be no preceding published evidence base to support it.The results from this study are nonetheless quite impressive. Both groups are reported to have responded to treatment, but the group who were also maintained with follow up electroconvulsive therapy did markedly better in terms of resistance to relapse being almost doubled at two years (93% vs. 52%), and quadrupled at five years (73% vs. 18%). This result could also be expressed as a doubling of the mean time to relapse in the electroconvulsive therapy group (6.9 years versus 2.7 years for the antidepressant-alone group).A major criticism of this study would have to be a lack of standardisation of treatment in the electroconvulsive therapy group with some patients receiving unambiguous and others bipolar electroconvulsive therapy. The number and duration of each was left to the clinical judgement of the responsible clinician. This does not reduce the impact of the overall finding, but does make for difficulties in comparison with any other trials which might follow. (Berlin J A e t al. 1999)A critical analysis of the study would also have to conclude that the study suffered from a comparatively small number of patients with assignments to the comparison groups not being random. More importantly, the trial assessor was not blinded to the patients group assignment. These factors make it difficult to confidently assign an evidence level to this trial. (Denzin, N K et al. 2000)The authors conclude their study with the comment that a larger, prospective study on the subject is currently underway. One should perhaps regard the results of this study as interesting, but not proven.In assessing the logicality of this paper, one should note comments that it has generated in the peer reviewed press. Gupta makes a number of valid points of criticism (Gupta N. 2001), arguably the most important of which is that the study did not make any measurement of the well recognised effect on memory pass away that short term electroconvulsive therapy is known to have. (Isenberg K E et al. 2001). Gupta suggests that clinical effectiveness must be assessed only after a risk-benefit ratio has been properly headstrong. sure a valid point and one that was not addressed in the original paper.Mechanism of actionA number of papers have been published reporting biochemical changes after electroconvulsive therapy. There seems to be a general agreement that depressive illness is associated with a disturbance in the monoaminergic-cholinergic balance within the cerebral cortex. (Schatzberg A F et al. 2005).A novel and significant advance was published in 1998 by Avissar (Avissar S et al. 1998) when a correlation with G-protein levels in leucocytes was found and was discover to be significantly reduced in depressive illness. The significance of this paper was that the authors found that electroconvulsive therapy resulted in a normalisation of the G-proteins level which preceded (by about a week), and thus predicted, clinical improvement. Patients who did not respond to electroconvulsive therapy did not show a change in G-protein levels. The significance of this finding is heighten with the knowledge that lithium is also known to commute G-protein levels (Schreiber G et al. 2000), as are some other treatments for bipolar disorder. (Young L T et al. 2003). It is also known the G-protein levels are raised in manic states thereby suggesting that it is a marker for affective mood states. (Schreiber G et al. 2001)Further evidence of altered metabolism comes from the Nobler study (Nobler M S et al. 2001). This study used antielectron emission tomography (PET) to study glucose metabolism in different brain areas. It has to be noted that this was a small study of 10 patients who were assessed before and after a course of electroconvulsive therapy. This study involved highly sophisticated measurements and concluded that certain areas of the brain showed marked reduction in metabolic rate after electroconvulsive therapy and these changes were most sign ificant in the frontal, prefrontal, and parietal cortices. The authors suggest that their results support the hypothesis that electroconvulsive therapy works by suppression of functional (non trophic) brain activity, most prominently in the prefrontal cortex. The authors comment that their findings are consistent with the earlier Drevets study which demonstrated a reduction in brain metabolism after successful treatment with antidepressant drugs. (Drevets W C 1998)A more modern paper by Sanacora reported alterations in the GABA concentrations in plasma, and cortex after electroconvulsive therapy. (Sanacora G et al. 2003). It is known that patients with depressive illness have reduced levels of the neurotransmitter GABA. This study, again with a small entry cohort of 10 patients, assessed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy. It was found that the levels of GABA change magnitude with successive treatments. It was also found that the length of duration of the convulsio ns was proportional to the concentrations of GABA found in the cortex supporting the view that GABA decreases cortical excitability. It may also be significant that GABA concentrations have been found to increase after the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. (Sanacora G et al. 2002). These findings suggest that enhanced GABA activity may be central to any antidepressant activityTakano et al. have recently produced a yet more sophisticated study along the lines of the Nobler investigation. (Takano H et al. 2007). This study also uses positron emission tomography (PET) and it studied patients before, during and after the application of electroconvulsive therapy. This is essentially a technical rather than a clinical study. It also has to be noted that all the data was derived from only six patients. The majority of the results are therefore not relevant to this consideration other than the fact that the authors concluded that electroconvulsive therapy exert s its effect by increasing the post treatment blood supply to the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex and thalamus. They refine this comment by acknowledging that it cannot be stated that this observed phenomenon is cause or effect, but simply an association with the mechanism of treatment and is associated with a resolution of symptoms.Preference of site and nature of stimulationThere is a great deal of discussion in the peer reviewed literature about the optimal sites for electroconvulsive therapy application and whether univocal or bipolar stimulation gives better results. Unfortunately the vast majority of it is anecdotal and of poor evidential value. The Bailine study is a notable exception providing a randomised comparative trial with a moderate size of entry cohort (60) making it a level 1b trial. (Bailine S H et al. 2000).The authors compared the efficacy of bitemporal stimulation with bifrontal stimulation over a treatment period of 12 treatments. The study was ass essor blinded. The rationale behind the trial was that bifrontal stimulation avoids direct stimulation of the temporal areas which are directly involved with cognition and memory functions.The authors reported that they found both placements to be equally effective in their ability to relieve depressive illness, but the bifrontal post achieved statistical significance in reducing cognitive and memory effects. Although not directly tested, the authors comment that right sided unilateral frontal placement has fewer cognitive side effects than bilateral stimulation but needs 2 5 times the current to achieve its therapeutic effect. (citing Letemendia F J J et al. 1993)One area of difficulty which, even a brief overview of the subject illuminates, is the level of input signal that is required to achieve therapeutic results. Some studies do not specify the level of stimulus, others simply refer to a supra-threshold stimulus, a third group refer to a titration of stimulus. This makes di rect comparison of results difficult. Some authorities have made the comment that not standardising the level of stimulus applied is similar to conducting a comparative trial of antidepressant drugs to placebo when the drugs are given at a sub-optimal dosage and therefore not achieving their maximal therapeutic effect.Krystal has attempted to tackle this problem by reviewing the regulations governing the administration of electroconvulsive therapy and also trying to achieve a generally acceptable standard of treatment. (Krystal A D et al. 2000)The USA limits (by statute) the maximum output charge for clinical applications of electroconvulsive therapy to 576 millicoulombs. The equivalent restriction in the UK is 1,200 millicoulombs for electroconvulsive therapy devices and this has been determined by the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and this limit is more than double the limit allowed in the USA. As far as the USA is concerned there is no evidence base to ensure that this limit wi ll allow for consistently effective electroconvulsive therapy, which is something of a paradox considering that the USA considers electroconvulsive therapy more mainstream than does the UK.Krystal published a retrospective study of nearly 500 patients who had received electroconvulsive therapy. Although most of the patients reviewed had a clinically successful treatment, the authors noted that 15% of patients required the maximum stimulus intensity to trigger a seizure and 5% of the total did not have a seizure at all.The authors comment that the clinicians responsible for the patient had to use enhancing strategies to boost the therapeutic retort with caffeine, ketamine, or hyperventilation. This still left a residual 5% of patients with a sub-therapeutic response at the maximum permitted output charge.Further problems can be encountered as not only can patients vary with regard to the amount of charge that they need to trigger tonic-clonic seizures, but the amount of charge can v ary as the course of treatment progresses in each individual patient. (Coffey C E et al. 2005)The difficulty that therefore arises in these non-responders, is that there is no greater therapeutic response than placebo if a tonic-clonic seizure is not triggered, but the effects on cognition and memory impairment are still present. (PECT 2000). If this is added to the clinical and economic costs, it is clear that a case can be made for higher limits of initial triggering charge, at least in the USA.The other factor which may also be relevant and can be a major cause of inconsistency between studies is the pulse width with some electroconvulsive therapy machines delivering a shorter pulse width and longer stimulus duration than others. The majority deliver a pulse width between 0.50.75 msec. but other machines are capable of delivering pulse widths considerably beyond these limits. There has been no definitive study which has considered the possible effect of pulse width on either the therapeutic response or the likelihood of triggering a tonic-clonic seizure.The utmost point made in the Krystal paper is the fact that one of the reasons that the charge limit was set at the level that it is was the fact that the authorities wanted to understate the theoretical risk of neuropathological damage. There is now evidence that the levels of stimulus charge necessary to cause such damage is far in excess of the compel limits. (viz. Weiner R D 1994 and Devanand D P et al. 2004)The concept of stimulus titration is referred to in many of the clinically based papers reviewed. If this concept is considered in parallel with the comments by Krystal relating to the variation of charge required to produce the seizure, the situation can be clarified in an monograph by MacEwan who advises that it is an important feature of the treatment to allow satisfactory time between the initial unsuccessful shock and the attempt at restimulation as the effect of the comparative refractivity after the first shock takes a little time to wear off. (MacEwan T 2002)Side effects of treatmentConsidering the rather gross and intrusive physical nature of the treatment, it is quite remarkable that the literature shows very few studies which have specifically explor

The Greenland Shark Essay -- science

The Greenland SharkSharks live in almost every part of the oceans, from coastal environments to deep- sea habitats. They also live in the sensitive waters of the tropics to the cold frigid waters of the polar region. The Greenland shark, also known as somniousus Microcephalus, lives in the dark, cold waters of the North Atlantic (I 65). The Greenland shark belongs to the put in Squaliforms, more unremarkably known as dogfish sharks. There are 70 species in this order, which includes the spied sharks, spiny dogfish, Sleeper sharks and lantern fish (I 50). Greenland Shark smorgasbord Kingdom Anamalia Phylum Cordates (possessing a notochord) Sub Phylum Vertebrates (possessing a back bone) Super Class Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous skeleton) Subclass Elasmobranchas (ribbon like gills) Super Order Selachii or Selachimopha (shark shaped) Order Sqauliforms Family Sqaulidea Species somniousus Microcephalus (I 185) The sharks habitat largely depends o n the water temperature this allows its habitat that ranges from the Polar latitudes to the North Sea in the east and the St. Lawrence River in the West. The Greenland shark has also wonders south as far as the waters off Cape Hatteras and has also been found in the Gulf of Maine. The shark usually lives in cool water ranging from 2-7deg Celsius (II 63). However the sharks has also been found in the waters in the Artic Circle. (I 65) Typically the Greenland sharks live at extreme depths. In the winter months the Greenland sharks can be found at the surface and at the edges of ice burgs and glaciers. The sharks will also enter fjords during these months. However in the warmer months of summer, the sharks dives back to depths and lives at an average depth of 100-400 fathoms and has been caught in water as deep as 600 fathoms (II 63). Depending on season and water temperature, the sharks habitat moves. The diet of a Greenland will eat almost anything that it will come across. With its slow smooth body plan, it includes bottom living shellfish, scarcely it also hunts seals, porpoises and other small whales and sea birds at the surface in its diet (I 65). These sharks also eats umpteen kinds of fish, such as capelin, char, herring, halibut, lumpfish and even salmon. There has even been fast swimming fish found with its tail bitten off inside ... ...heir vision is not needed at that depth in the dark water (I 77). These parasites might very help the sharks. These parasites are biolumiscent and they might attract those fast swimming fish to the oral side of the shark. With out these parasites it is possible that the sharks could not catch as many fish as it does, due to its slow speed. On top of the parasites on its eyes, the Greenland shark also has poisonous flesh. To get rid of the poison n order to eat it, the flesh must be boiled and dried several times (II 63). If the meat is not prepared correctly, it can cause, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal p ain, tingling and suntan sensation of tongue, throat and esophagus. It can also cause muscular cramps, respiratory distress, coma and death (III Vol 25, 905). This shark may not kill you when its alive, but you have to careful when its dead. References 1. Parker, Steve and Jane. The Encyclopedia fo Sharks. A Firefly Book Buffalo, 1999. 2. Castro, Jose. THe Sharks of the North American Waters. Texas Univerisity fix US, 1983. 3. Britanica, 15th Edition. Micropedia Chicago, 1990. 4. Allen, Thomas B. The Shark Almanac. Lyoness Press NY, 1999.

Essay --

DRYINGIt is the most crucial part of every herb and spice sector. It is not only increases the product shelf but also enhances the product quality. At the time of harvesting moisture content is 70-85%. Due to high water content cardamom is highly supersensitive for bacterial multiplication. It is highly desirable to keep the final moisture should be ranges from 10-12%. It is important to dry the cardamom capsules as soon after harvest as possible to prevent the loss of aroma. It is also imperative that the drying process is as short in order to avoid mould growth and retain the smart as a whip green color of capsule. The drying temperature should not be above 50C otherwise it will affect the color and delicate flavor of the final product. cardamom capsules with a good green color can be sold for a premium price.If the drying period is too long mould can exit to grow on the cardamom. Various types of dryers are used for processing of spices, ranging from simple sun drying to gas d rying, wood firer drying and humidity controller dryer.SUN DRYING. It is very antediluvian patriarch and very cheap method of dr...

Essay --

Table of Contents1. Acknowledgement22. Introduction33. TelBru43.1 Company Profile43.2 serve that provided by TelBru53.3 Home and Business name53.4 High Speed Broadband (HSBB)73.5 e-Speed93.6 e-Bill103.7 e-Domain114. DST124.1 Company Profile124.2 Services that provided by DST134.3 Prima144.4 Easi154.5 Easi Transit174.6 postpaid Broadband184.7 Prepaid Broadband194.8 D*Card205. bmobile235.1 Company Profile235.2 Services that provided by bmobile235.3 The Smart Plan245.4 YES Plan255.5 rapid growth Broadband271. AcknowledgementI would exchangeable to express my special thanks of gratitude to my lecture sir Dennis, lecturer of Computer Data Communication (CDC) who give me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic of identify the kinds of services of ISPs (Internet Service Provider) in Brunei, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many an(prenomoal) things.2. Introduction 3. TelBru3.1 Company Profile Fig.1 TelBruNameTelekom B runei Berhad (TelBru)ChairmanYang Mulia Dato Paduka Haji Hisham bin Haji Mohd. HanifahIncorporated30th May 2002 under the Company Act crest 39Fully Operational1st April 2006ShareholderMinister For Finance Corporation (MOFC) and Brooketon Sdn Bhd (Governments company under the Ministry of Finance).AddressHeadquarterUnit 1.01, Block D,Yayasan grand Turk Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Complex,Jalan Pretty, Bandar Seri Begawan BS8711,Brunei Darussalam.Telephone No.+673 23213213.2 Services that provided by TelBruHome Line & Business LineHigh Speed Broadband (HSBB)eSpeedeBilleDomain3.3 Home and Business Line Fig.2 Home & Business LineThere are four type of fixed telephone system in B... ...tional numbersbmobile to bmobile landlinebmobile to other mobile operatorPeak$0.30/min$0.20/min$0.10/minOff-Peak$0.20/min$0.10/min$0.10/min ordinary IDD ratesMidnight$0.05/min$0.10/minSMSbmobile to every last(predicate) local numberbmobile to international number $0.05/sms$0.20/smsMMSbmobile to all local num berbmobile to international number$0.10/sms$0.30/smsWAP & Mobile Internet$0.05/1MBTable 26 Rates & Charges for YES Prepaid5.5 ZOOM BroadbandZOOM Broadband is bmobiles 3.5G High-Speed Internet Service. There are currently 2 ZOOM Broadband Plans1.ZOOM Lite ($30 per month)2.ZOOM Unlimted ($60 per month)ZOOM Broadband PlanSMSMMSVoiceVideoDataZOOM Lite fall by the wayside 300Free 10Free 450 minFree 50 min2GBZOOM UnlimitedFree 800Free 30Free 1000 minFree 200 minUnlimitedTable 27 ZOOM Broadband Plan

T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay -- Eliot Love So

T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred PrufrockWorks Cited Not Included The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, a poem by T.S. Eliot, provides an abundant source of material for applying Freudian analysis.1 Specifically, it is the character Prufrock who supplies this rich source. Although many Freudian themes could have been addressed in relation to Prufrock, in this paper it get out be narrowed to the prevalent themes of ambivalence and cultural frustration found in Freud&960s work and the contributing role the super-ego plays in their occurrence. In fact, Prufrock exemplifies ambivalence and its necessary conditions so well that Freud himself would have probably labeled him a neurotic. Before applying Freudian analysis to Prufrock, it is important to address matchless issue that go out have an immediate effect on the interpretation of the poem. It stems from the following translated enactment found in Dante&960s Inferno that appears right in the beginn ing the body of the poem. The going is spoken by a person within the eighth chasm of hell.2If I believed that my answer would beTo someone who would ever return to earth, This set on fire would move no more,But because no one from this gulfHas ever returned alive, if what I hear is true,I plenty reply with no fear of infamy. (Eliot, 3) Although this passage may advert that Prufrock is speaking to someone who he can trust, his character would suggest otherwise. Prufrock is far too consciously anxious when it comes to what people think of him. This can be displayed by his enduring indecisiveness found in the many questions he asks throughout the poem, such as, &8805Do I dare / Disturb the universe of discourse?&8804 (45-46) and &8805S... ...y. The issue of versed repression, an example being when he asks Do I dare to eat a peach? (125), could easily be another thematic sharpen. Also, one could focus on the dream-like structure of the poem, and how the issues of manifest a nd latent content come into play. Of course, as alluded to, repression (not just the sexual kind) is extremely prevalent throughout the poem, and would frankincense provide an fine case study for Freudian analysis. However, it was interesting to address the issues of ambivalence and cultural frustration because when applying these to the poem Prufrocks character began to make more sense. there was an explanation provided for his antecedently inexplicable behavior. Also, there was a vivid example of Freudian theory at work. In this sense, the coupling of Freudian theory and this poem, make both nevertheless more comprehensible and enriching. T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay -- Eliot Love SoT.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred PrufrockWorks Cited Not Included The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, a poem by T.S. Eliot, provides an abundant source of material for applying Freudian analysis.1 Specifically, it is the character Pruf rock who supplies this rich source. Although many Freudian themes could have been addressed in relation to Prufrock, in this paper it will be narrowed to the prevalent themes of ambivalence and cultural frustration found in Freud&960s work and the contributing role the super-ego plays in their occurrence. In fact, Prufrock exemplifies ambivalence and its necessary conditions so well that Freud himself would have probably labeled him a neurotic. Before applying Freudian analysis to Prufrock, it is important to address one issue that will have an immediate effect on the interpretation of the poem. It stems from the following translated passage found in Dante&960s Inferno that appears right before the body of the poem. The passage is spoken by a person within the eighth chasm of hell.2If I believed that my answer would beTo someone who would ever return to earth, This flame would move no more,But because no one from this gulfHas ever returned alive, if what I hear is t rue,I can reply with no fear of infamy. (Eliot, 3) Although this passage may suggest that Prufrock is speaking to someone who he can trust, his character would suggest otherwise. Prufrock is far too consciously anxious when it comes to what people think of him. This can be displayed by his enduring indecisiveness found in the many questions he asks throughout the poem, such as, &8805Do I dare / Disturb the universe?&8804 (45-46) and &8805S... ...y. The issue of sexual repression, an example being when he asks Do I dare to eat a peach? (125), could easily be another thematic focus. Also, one could focus on the dream-like structure of the poem, and how the issues of manifest and latent content come into play. Of course, as alluded to, repression (not just the sexual kind) is extremely prevalent throughout the poem, and would thus provide an excellent case study for Freudian analysis. However, it was interesting to address the issues of ambivalence and cultural frustration becau se when applying these to the poem Prufrocks character began to make more sense. There was an explanation provided for his previously inexplicable behavior. Also, there was a vivid example of Freudian theory at work. In this sense, the coupling of Freudian theory and this poem, made both even more comprehensible and enriching.

Moby Dick :: essays research papers

Moby Dick is an extremely long novelwritten by Herman Melville. This book is an epic tale of acrazed sea captain hunting the whale that bit off his leg toldthrough the eyes of a school teacher. As the story begins shipwreck survivor is at the local boating dock looking for work.pariah being a school teacher has in allot of time off as of the signification because the school is at recess, for what reason idont know. He is in a tavern talking amongst the whalers.He asks if they know of any ships on witch he could boardas a hand for the captain. One of the stories he receives is ofa man named Ahab. He is offering good pay and good workfor any man who wants to join him on his ship. the onlyproblem is that people say that he is a rather evil man.Ishmael shes one of the ships hands and boards for a tripwitch he will never forget. The ship sets sail and every thing discernms to be going smoothly. Everything except one tinydetail, Ishmael hasnt seen the captain Ahab. He knows hesthere bec ause he has heard men talking to him, but Ishmaelhas yet to see him. When Ishmael finally dose see captainAhab he is shocked. The man is a very evil looking person.Ishmael can see the fire in his eyes. He is shocked by thepure hatred of witch Ishmael speaks of Moby Dick, thewhale who took his leg. Because Ahab comes off as such anevil man Ishmael doesnt want to become any manner of a friendof him. He develops a slight dislikement of him and begins tocall him Stubb when he isnt around. As the story goes on itdescribes in very good detail what happens on their whalingtrip. I dont know if this is a normal whaling trip or notbecause i dont do much whaling myself. Ishmael describesin great detail all actions taking place on the ship that hesees. Until one day. One day as this ship is sailing along awhale is spotted. It isnt middling any whale though, it is MobyDick. Ahab becomes what seems to be almost possessed.He is so enraged with the whale that he orders everything tobe stopped and every man is to concentrate on killing thewhale. He has every man loaded in to the whaling boats andhe begins his chase. He shouts at his men, and screams atthe whale. He curses it as if it were from hell.